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Viktor Tikhomirov
Victor (or Viktor) Vasilievitch Tikhomirov (Dec. 10 (23), 1912 – Jan. 8, 1985) was an outstanding Soviet engineer and scientist in the fields of radio electronics and automation. He was a corresponding member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, three times a laureate of the Stalin Prize, and was awarded two Orders of Lenin and other orders and medals. He led development of the first full radar system in the USSR.〔“Tikhomirov, Victor V.”; ''The Great Soviet Encyclopedia''; http://bse.sci-lib.com/article110856.html (in Russian)〕〔”Tikhomirov, Victor V.”; ''The Encyclopedia of Space and Computer Aided Design''; http://www.rtc.ru/encyk/biogr-book/18T/2884.shtml〕
==Early Background==
Victor Tikhomirov was born in Kineshma, a medium-sized city now in Ivanovo Oblast. Upon completing secondary school, he first worked as an electrician in the Donetz Basin (Donbass) region of Eastern Ukraine, and then at the Donbass mines of Metrostroi (the operator of Moscow’s subway system). In 1934, he was admitted to study radio technology at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI – also called Moscow Energy Institute) where he finished with distinction in 1940. The Higher Attestation Commission awarded him the Doctor of Engineering degree in February 1966.〔When Tikhomirov was attending the MPEI, undergraduate degrees were not being awarded in the USSR. All academic degrees were awarded by the Higher Attestation Commission, under the USSR Council of Ministers, and required publications and/or recognized accomplishments in the field.〕
While pursuing his pre-graduation studies, Tikhomirov became a senior technician at the ''Nauchno-issledovatelsky institute-20'' (Scientific Research Institute-20, NII-20) in Moscow, a close affiliate of the Aviapribor Plant, a manufacturer of aircraft instruments and radios.〔NII-20 is now known as JSC All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Radio Technology – JSC VNIIRT.〕 There he assisted in developing ''radiolokatory'' (radio-location, later called radar) equipment. Jointly with NII-9 in Leningrad, NII-20 developed an experimental set called ''Redut'' (''Redoubt'').〔Research in radio-location had been conducted by a number of centers in the Soviet Union since 1934, but ''Redut'' was the first to use pulsed signals, a technology vital to eventually measure directly the range (distance) to the target. Earlier sets used continuous-wave signals, and relied on triangulation to approximate range.〕 Upon graduating from MEI, Tikhomirov was assigned as an engineer at NII-20, working in a team to improve ''Redut''. This soon evolved to the ''Radio Ulavlivatel Samoletov-2'' (''Radio Catcher of Aircraft'') designated ''RUS-2''. Although mobile, this was a bi-static system with separated transmitter and receiver vans and antennas.
Tikhomirov’s capabilities were soon recognized, and in early 1941, he was made Laboratory Head and Deputy Technical Manager of the NII-20. Engineers at the NII-20, with the cooperation of NII-9 in Leningrad, further improved the ''RUS-2'', developing a transmit-receive device (a duplexer) allowing a single antenna, as well as a range display based on a cathode-rayoscilloscope.〔Lobanov, M. M.; ''Soviet Radar Engineering Development'', Voennoc izdatel’stve, Moscow, 1982 (in Russian)〕
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